clj-uuid
"The intent of the UUID is to enable distributed systems to uniquely identify information without significant central coordination." -- Wikipedia/UUID
[
clj-uuid is a Clojure library for generation and utilization of UUIDs (Universally Unique Identifiers) as described by IETF RFC4122.
This library extends the standard Java UUID class to provide true v1 (time based) and v3/v5 (namespace based) identifier generation. Additionally, a number of useful supporting utilities are provided to support serialization and manipulation of these UUIDs in a simple, efficient manner.
The essential nature of the value RFC4122 UUIDs provide is that of an enormous namespace and a deterministic mathematical model by means of which one navigates it. UUIDs represent an extremely powerful and versatile computation technique that is often overlooked, and underutilized. In my opinion, this, in part, is due to the generally poor quality, performance, and capability of available libraries and, in part, due to a general misunderstanding in the popular consiousness of their proper use and benefit. It is my hope that this library will serve to expand awareness, make available, and simplify use of RFC4122 identifiers to a wider audience.
The Most Recent Release
With Leiningen:
How is it better?
The JVM version only provides an automatic generator for random (v4) and (non-namespaced) pseudo-v3 UUID's. Where appropriate, this library does use the internal JVM UUID implementation. The benefit with this library is that clj-uuid provides an easy way to get v1 and true namespaced v3 and v5 UUIDs. v3/v5 UUID's are necessary because many of the interesting things that you can do with UUID's require namespaced identifiers. v1 UUIDs are really useful because they can be generated about 10x faster than v4's since they don't need to call a cryptographic random number generator.
How Big?
The provided namespace represents an inexhaustable resource and as such can be used in a variety of ways not feasible using traditional techniques rooted in the notions imposed by finite resources. When I say "inexhaustable" this of course is slight hyperbolie, but not by much. The upper bound on the representation implemented by this library limits the number of unique identifiers to a mere...
three hundred forty undecillion two hundred eighty-two decillion three hundred sixty-six nonillion nine hundred twenty octillion nine hundred thirty-eight septillion four hundred sixty-three sextillion four hundred sixty-three quintillion three hundred seventy-four quadrillion six hundred seven trillion four hundred thirty-one billion seven hundred sixty-eight million two hundred eleven thousand four hundred and fifty-five.
If you think you might be starting to run low, let me know when you get down to your last few undecillion or so and I'll see what I can do to help out.
Usage
Using clj-uuid is really easy. Docstrings are provided, but sometimes examples help, too. The following cases demonstrate about 90% of the functionality that you are likely to ever need.
In order to refer to the symbols in this library, it is recommended to require it in a given namespace:
(require '[clj-uuid :as uuid])Or include in namespace declaration:
(ns foo
(:require [clj-uuid :as uuid])
...
)
Literal Syntax
UUID's have a convenient literal syntax supported by the clojure
reader. The tag #uuid denotes that the following string literal
will be read as a UUID. UUID's evaluate to themselves:
user> #uuid "e6ff478d-9492-48dd-886d-23ec4c6385ee"
;; => #uuid "e6ff478d-9492-48dd-886d-23ec4c6385ee"The NULL (v0) Identifier
The special UUID, #uuid "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000" is
known as the null UUID or version 0 UUID and can be useful for
representing special values such as nil or null-context. One may
reference the null UUID declaratively or functionally, although it is
best to pick one convention and remain consistant.
user> (uuid/null)
;; => #uuid "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000"
user> (uuid/v0)
;; => #uuid "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000"
user> uuid/+null+
;; => #uuid "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000"
Time Based (v1) Identifiers
You can make your own v1 UUID's with the function #'uuid/v1. These
UUID's will be guaranteed to be unique and thread-safe regardless of
clock precision or degree of concurrency.
A v1 UUID may reveal both the identity of the computer that generated the UUID and the time at which it did so. Its uniqueness across computers is guaranteed as long as node/MAC addresses are not duplicated.
user> (uuid/v1)
;; => #uuid "ffa803f0-b3d3-11e4-a03e-3af93c3de9ae"
user> (uuid/v1)
;; => #uuid "005b7570-b3d4-11e4-a03e-3af93c3de9ae"
user> (uuid/v1)
;; => #uuid "018a0a60-b3d4-11e4-a03e-3af93c3de9ae"
user> (uuid/v1)
;; => #uuid "02621ae0-b3d4-11e4-a03e-3af93c3de9ae"
V1 identifiers are the fastest kind of UUID to generate -- about TEN TIMES
as fast as calling the JVM's built-in static method for generating UUIDs,
#'java.util.UUID/randomUUID.
user> (criterium.core/bench (uuid/v1))
Evaluation count: 139356300 in 60 samples of 2322605 calls.
Execution time mean: 201.153073 ns
user> (criterium/bench (java.util.UUID/randomUUID))
Evaluation count : 30850980 in 60 samples of 514183 calls.
Execution time mean : 2.012861 µs
Sequential (Temporal) Namespace
v1 UUID's retrievably encode the time of their creation. The native representation of this timestamp is as a 60 bit value indicating the number of 100 nanosecond intervals since the Gregorian epoch:
user> (uuid/get-timestamp (uuid/v1))
;; => 136459064897650000
user> (map uuid/get-timestamp (repeatedly 10 uuid/v1))
;; => (136459065592300000
;; 136459065592310000
;; 136459065592320000
;; 136459065592340000
;; 136459065592340001 <-+ subcounter ensures unique timestamp
;; 136459065592350000 | even when the resolution of the
;; 136459065592350001 <-+ system clock is insufficiently
;; 136459065592370000 | granular to provide uniqueness.
;; 136459065592370001 <-+
;; 136459065592380000)Clearly, that is pretty useful. We can look at any two time-based UUID's and compare their timestamps relative to one another. We can also look at the absolute timestamp values of time-based UUID's using the ideomatic Clojure representation of timestamp values:
user> (uuid/get-instant (uuid/v1))
;; => #inst "2015-03-17T17:51:15.970-00:00"
user> (map uuid/get-instant (repeatedly 10 uuid/v1))
;; => (#inst "2015-03-17T17:51:53.800-00:00" <-+ Note, however,
;; #inst "2015-03-17T17:51:53.800-00:00" <-+ insufficient clock precision
;; #inst "2015-03-17T17:51:53.802-00:00" | to distinguish betweem
;; #inst "2015-03-17T17:51:53.803-00:00" <-+ absolute timestamp values
;; #inst "2015-03-17T17:51:53.803-00:00" <-+
;; #inst "2015-03-17T17:51:53.804-00:00"
;; #inst "2015-03-17T17:51:53.807-00:00"
;; #inst "2015-03-17T17:51:53.808-00:00"
;; #inst "2015-03-17T17:51:53.812-00:00"
;; #inst "2015-03-17T17:51:53.814-00:00")Cryptographically Random (v4) Identifiers
V4 identifiers are generated by directly invoking the static method
#'java.util.UUID/randomUUID and are, in typical situations, slower
to generate in addition to being non-deterministically unique. It
exists primarily because it is very simple to implement and because
randomly generated UUID's are essentially unguessable. They can be
useful in that sense, for example to seed a UUID namespace as we will see
in a later example.
Namespaced (v3/v5) Identifiers
First of all, the only difference between v3 and v5 UUID's is that v3's
are computed using an MD5 digest algorithm and v5's are computed using SHA1.
It is generally considered that SHA1 is a superior hash, but MD5 is
computationally less expensive and so v3 may be preferred in
situations requiring slightly faster performance. As such, when we give
examples of namespaced identifiers, we will typically just use v5 with
the understanding that v3 could be used identically in each instance.
Namespaces
If you are familiar with Clojure vars, you already understand the
idea of namespaced identifiers. To resolve the value of a var, one
needs to know not only the name of a var, but also the namespace
it resides in. It is intuitively clear that vars #'user/x and
#'library/x are distinct. Namespaced UUID's follow a similar
concept, however namespaces are themselves represented as UUID's.
Names are strings that encode a representation of a symbol or value in
the namespace of that identifier. Given a namespace and a local-name,
one can always (re)construct the unique identifier that represents
it. We can demonstrate a few examples constructed using several of
the canonical top level namespace UUIDs:
user> (uuid/v5 uuid/+namespace-url+ "http://example.com/")
;; => #uuid "0a300ee9-f9e4-5697-a51a-efc7fafaba67"
user> (uuid/v5 uuid/+namespace-x500+ "http://example.com/")
;; => #uuid "0cb29677-4eaf-578f-ab9b-f9ac67c33cb9"
user> (uuid/v3 uuid/+namespace-dns+ "www.clojure.org")
;; => #uuid "3bdca4f7-fc85-3a8b-9038-7626457527b0"
user> (uuid/v5 uuid/+namespace-oid+ "0.1.22.13.8.236.1")
;; => #uuid "9989a7d2-b7fc-5b6a-84d6-556b0531a065"You can see in each case that the local "name" string is given in some well-definted format specific to each namespace. This is a very common convention, but not enforced. It is perfectly valid to construct a namespaced UUID from any literal string.
user> (uuid/v5 uuid/+namespace-url+ "I am clearly not a URL")
;; => #uuid "a167a791-e550-57ae-b20f-666ee47ce7c1"As a matter of fact, the requirements for a valid the local-part constituent are even more general than even just Strings. Any kind of object will do:
user> (uuid/v5 uuid/+namespace-url+ :keyword)
;; => #uuid "bc480d53-fba7-5e5f-8f33-6ad77880a007"
user> (uuid/v5 uuid/+namespace-url+ :keyword)
;; => #uuid "bc480d53-fba7-5e5f-8f33-6ad77880a007"
user> (uuid/v5 uuid/+namespace-oid+ :keyword)
;; => #uuid "9b3d8a3d-fadf-55b5-811f-12a0c50c3e86"
user> (uuid/v5 uuid/+null+ 'this-symbol)
;; => #uuid "8b2941d5-e40b-5364-afcf-0008833715a2"
user> (uuid/v5 uuid/+null+ 'this-symbol)
;; => #uuid "8b2941d5-e40b-5364-afcf-0008833715a2"
This will be most efficient for classes of object that have been
extended with the UUIDNameBytes protocol. If one intends to do such
a thing fequently, it is a simple matter to specialize an
as-byte-array method which can extract a byte serialization that
represents the 'name' of an object, typically unique within some given
namespace. Here is a simple example where one adds specialized support
for URLs to be quickly digested as the bytes of their string representation.
(extend-protocol UUIDNameBytes java.net.URL
(as-byte-array [this]
(.getBytes (.toString this) StandardCharsets/UTF_8)))
(uuid/v5 uuid/+namespace-url+ "http://example.com/")
;; => #uuid "0a300ee9-f9e4-5697-a51a-efc7fafaba67"
(uuid/v5 uuid/+namespace-url+ (java.net.URL. "http://example.com/"))
;; => #uuid "0a300ee9-f9e4-5697-a51a-efc7fafaba67"
Hierarchical Namespace
Because each UUID denotes its own namespace, it is easy to compose v5 identifiers in order to represent hierarchical sub-namespaces. This, for example, can be used to assign unique identifiers based not only on the content of a string but the unique identity representing its source or provenance:
user> (uuid/v5
(uuid/v5 uuid/+namespace-url+ "http://example.com/")
"resource1#")
;; => #uuid "6a3944a4-f00e-5921-b8b6-2cea5a745132"
user> (uuid/v5
(uuid/v5 uuid/+namespace-url+ "http://example.com/")
"resource2#")
;; => #uuid "98879e2a-8511-59ab-877d-ac6f8667866d"
user> (uuid/v5
(uuid/v5 uuid/+namespace-url+ "http://other.com/")
"resource1#")
;; => #uuid "bc956d0c-7af3-5b81-89f2-a96e8f9fd1a8"
user> (uuid/v5
(uuid/v5 uuid/+namespace-url+ "http://other.com/")
"resource2#")
;; => #uuid "a38b24fe-7ab8-58c8-a3f8-d3adb308260b"
Because UUID's and namespaces can be chained together like this, one can be certain that the UUID resulting from a chain of calls such as the following will be unique -- if and only if the original namespace matches:
user> (-> (uuid/v1)
(uuid/v5 "one")
(uuid/v5 "two")
(uuid/v5 "three"))
;; => #uuid "eb7a0c2b-eb0e-5bb2-9819-3c9edc2814fa"
user> (-> (uuid/v1)
(uuid/v5 "one")
(uuid/v5 "two")
(uuid/v5 "three"))
;; => #uuid "45e8c272-1660-57ba-8892-6844e1d3196a"
At each step, the local part string must be identical, in order for the the final UUID to match:
user> (-> uuid/+namespace-dns+
(uuid/v5 "one")
(uuid/v5 "two")
(uuid/v5 "three"))
;; => #uuid "617756cc-3b02-5a86-ad4a-ab3e1403dbd6"
user> (-> uuid/+namespace-dns+
(uuid/v5 "two")
(uuid/v5 "one")
(uuid/v5 "three"))
;; => #uuid "52d5453e-2aa1-53c1-b093-0ea20ef57ad1"
This capability can be used to represent uniqueness of a sequence of computations in, for example, a transaction system such as the one used in the graph-object database system de.setf.resource or this interesting new CQRS/ES Server.
A Simple Example
Ok, so now you know how to use this nifty new UUID library and you are burning up to do something awesome with UUID's... But, ah, hmmm... First you need to figure out what exactly you want to do with them. Well, before you start working on your distributed cloud-based secret weapon, here is a simple way you can generate cryptographically secure activation keys for your draconian licensing scheme.
First, we pick a secret key. We might pick a time-based id, or we might begin with some secret namespace, secret identifier pair to compute that initial namespace deterministically. This is convenient, but not necessary -- the time-based or random private key could also be stored in some form of persistent memory. As unguessability important to deter hackers, we will choose a random namespace and record it in some secret, persistent storage to ensure we can regenerate a user's activation code identically on-demand in the future.
user> (def +secret-weapon-licensing-namespace+ (uuid/v4))
user> (uuid/v5 +secret-weapon-licensing-namespace+ "joe@example.com")
;; => #uuid "b6433d1e-d369-5282-8dbc-bdd3845c376c"
user> (uuid/v5 +secret-weapon-licensing-namespace+ "mom@knitting-arts.edu")
;; => #uuid "81e4708c-85bb-5f3c-be56-bba4d8b0ac91"
Now, as the orders start rolling in for your product, you can crank out secret weapon activation codes just as well as if you were Microsoft. Each one will be keyed to a user's email address and is guaranteed to be irreversible. You will infuriate them with unreasonably high maintence support contract fees and intractible licensing terms. You truly are diabolical.
Basic API
Namespaces
(var) +null+
#uuid "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000"
(var) +namespace-dns+
#uuid "6ba7b810-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8"
(var) +namespace-url+
#uuid "6ba7b811-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8"
(var) +namespace-oid+
#uuid "6ba7b812-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8"
(var) +namespace-x500+
#uuid "6ba7b814-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8"
Generators
(function) v0 []
Return the null UUID, #uuid "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000"
(function) v1 []
Generate a v1 (time-based) unique identifier, guaranteed to be unique and thread-safe regardless of clock precision or degree of concurrency. Creation of v1 UUID's does not require any call to a cryptographic generator and can be accomplished much more efficiently than v1, v3, v5, or squuid's. A v1 UUID reveals both the identity of the computer that generated the UUID and the time at which it did so. Its uniqueness across computers is guaranteed as long as MAC addresses are not duplicated.
(function) v3 [^UUID namespace ^Object local-name]
Generate a v3 (name based, MD5 hash) UUID. context' must be UUIDable. v3 identifiers are intended for generating UUID's from names that are drawn from, and unique within, some namespace. The concept of name and namespace should be broadly construed, and not limited to textual names. The requiremens for a v3 UUID are as follows:
v3 UUID's generated at different times from the same name in the same namespace MUST be equal.
v3 UUID's generated from two different names in the same namespace SHOULD be distinct with a high degree of certainty.
v3 UUID's generated from the same name in two different namespaces SHOULD be distinct with a high degree of certainty.
If two v3 UUID's are equal, then there is a high degree of certainty that they were generated from the same name in the same namespace.
(function) v4 []
(function) v4 [^long msb, ^long lsb]
Generate a v4 (random) UUID. Uses default JVM implementation. If two arguments, lsb and msb (both long) are provided, then construct a valid, properly formatted v4 UUID based on those values. So, for example the following UUID, created from all zero bits, is indeed distinct from the null UUID:
(v4) => #uuid "dcf0035f-ea29-4d1c-b52e-4ea499c6323e" (v4 0 0) => #uuid "00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000000" (null) => #uuid "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000"
(function) v5 [^UUID namespace ^Object local-name]
Generate a v5 (name based, SHA1 hash) UUID. 'context' must be UUIDable. v5 identifiers are intended for generating UUID's from names that are drawn from, and unique within, some namespace. The concept of name and namespace should be broadly construed, and not limited to textual names. The requiremens for a v5 UUID are as follows:
v5 UUID's generated at different times from the same name in the same namespace MUST be equal.
v5 UUID's generated from two different names in the same namespace SHOULD be distinct with a high degree of certainty.
v5 UUID's generated from the same name in two different namespaces SHOULD be distinct with a high degree of certainty.
If two v5 UUID's are equal, then there is a high degree of certainty that they were generated from the same name in the same namespace.
(function) squuid []
Generate a SQUUID (sequential, random) unique identifier. SQUUID's are a nonstandard variation on v4 (random) UUIDs that have the desirable property that they increase sequentially over time as well as encode retrievably the posix time at which they were generated. Splits and reassembles a v4 UUID to merge current POSIX time (seconds since 12:00am January 1, 1970 UTC) with the most significant 32 bits of the UUID
(function) monotonic-time []
Return a monotonic timestamp (guaranteed always increasing) based on the number of 100-nanosecond intervals elapsed since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in the West, 12:00am Friday October 15, 1582 UTC.
Protocols
(protocol) UUIDNameBytes
A mechanism intended for user-level extension that defines the decoding rules for the local-part representation of arbitrary Clojure / Java Objects when used for computing namespaced identifiers.
(member)
as-byte-array [self]Extract a byte serialization that represents the 'name' of x, typically unique within a given namespace.
(protocol) UUIDable
A UUIDable object directly represents a UUID. Examples of things which might be conceptually 'uuidable' include string representation of a UUID in canonical hex format, or an appropriate URN URI.
(member)
as-uuid [self]Coerce the value of
selfto a java.util.UUID.(member)
uuidable? [self]Return 'true' if
selfcan be coerced to UUID.
(protocol) UUIDRfc4122
A protocol that abstracts an unique identifier as described by IETF RFC4122 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4122.txt. A UUID represents a 128-bit value, however there are variant encoding layouts used to assign and interpret information encoded in those bits. This is a protocol for variant 2 (Leach-Salz) UUID's.
(member)
null? [self]Return
trueonly ifselfhas all 128 bits set ot zero and is therefore equal to the null UUID,00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000.(member)
uuid? [self]Return
trueif the class ofselfimplements an RFC4122 unique identifier.(member)
uuid= [self other]Directly compare two UUID's for
=relation based on the equality semantics defined by [RFC4122:3 "RULES FOR LEXICAL EQUIVALENCE"].(member)
uuid< [self other]Directly compare two UUID's for
<relation based on the ordinality semantics defined by [RFC4122:3 "RULES FOR LEXICAL EQUIVALENCE"].(member)
uuid> [self other]Directly compare two UUID's for
>relation based on the ordinality semantics defined by [RFC4122:3 "RULES FOR LEXICAL EQUIVALENCE"].(member)
get-word-high [self]Return the most significant 64 bits of the 128 bit value of UUID
self.(member)
get-word-low [self]Return the least significant 64 bits of the 128 bit value of UUID
self.(member)
get-variant [self]Return the variant number associated with this UUID. The variant field contains a value which identifies the layout of the UUID. The bit-layout implemented by this protocol supports UUID's with a variant value of 0x2, which indicates Leach-Salz layout. Defined UUID variant values are:
0x0 Null 0x2 Leach-Salz 0x6 Microsoft 0x7 Reserved for future assignmentIn the canonical representation,
xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-Nxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx, the most significant bits of N indicate the variant (depending on the variant one, two, or three bits are used). The variant covered by RFC4122 is indicated by the two most significant bits ofNbeing1 0(i.e., the hexadecimalNwill always be8,9,A, orB).(member)
get-version [self]Return the version number associated with this UUID. The version field contains a value which describes the nature of the UUID. There are five versions of Leach-Salz UUID, plus the null UUID:
0x0 Null 0x1 Time based 0x2 DCE security with POSIX UID 0x3 Namespaced (MD5 Digest) 0x4 Cryptographic random 0x5 Namespaced (SHA1 Digest)In the canonical representation,
xxxxxxxx-xxxx-Mxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx, the four bits ofMindicate the UUID version (i.e., the hexadecimalMwill be either1,2,3,4, or5).(member)
get-timetamp [self]Return the 60 bit unsigned value that represents a temporally unique timestamp associated with this UUID. For time-based (v1) UUID's the result encodes the number of 100 nanosecond intervals since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar: 12:00am Friday October 15, 1582 UTC. For non-time-based (v3, v4, v5, squuid) UUID's, always returns
nil.(member)
get-instant [self]For time-based (v1) UUID's, return a
java.util.Dateobject that represents the system time at which this UUID was generated. NOTE: the returned value may not necessarily be temporally unique. For non-time-based (v3, v4, v5, squuid) UUID's, always returnsnil.(member)
get-time-low [self]Return the 32 bit unsigned value that represents the time-low field of the timestamp associated with this UUID.
(member)
get-time-mid [self]Return the 16 bit unsigned value that represents the time-mid field of the timestamp assocaited with this UUID.
(member)
get-time-high [self]Return the 16 bit unsigned value that represents the time-high field of the timestamp multiplexed with the version of this UUID.
(member)
get-clk-seq [self]Return the clk-seq number associated with this UUID. For time-based (v1) UUID's the clock-sequence value is a somewhat counter-intuitively named seed-value that is used to reduce the potential that duplicate UUID's might be generated under unusual situations, such as if the system hardware clock is set backward in time or if, despite all efforts otherwise, a duplicate
+node-id+happens to be generated. This value is initialized to a random 16-bit number once per lifetime of the system. For non-time-based (v3, v4, v5, squuid) UUID's, always returnsnil.(member)
get-clk-high [self]Return the 8 bit unsigned value that represents the most significant byte of the clk-seq multiplexed with the variant of this UUID.
(member)
get-clk-low [self]Return the 8 bit unsigned value that represents the least significant byte of the clk-seq associated with this UUID.
(member)
get-node-id [self]Return the 48 bit unsigned value that represents the spatially unique node identifier associated with this UUID.
(member)
hash-code [self]Return a suitable 64-bit hash value for
self. Extend for specialized hash computation.(member)
to-byte-array [self]Return an array of 16 bytes that represents
selfas a decomposed octet serialization encoded in most-significant-byte first order.(member)
to-string [self]Return a String object that represents
selfin the canonical 36 character hexadecimal string format:"xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx"(member)
to-hex-string [self]Return a String object that represents
selfas the 32 hexadecimal characters directly encodong the UUID's 128 bit value:"xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"(member)
to-urn-string [self]Return a String object that represents
uuidas a the string serialization of the URN URI based on the canonical 36 character hex-string representation:"urn:uuid:xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx"(member)
to-uri [self]Return the unique URN URI associated with this UUID.
References
-
IETF RFC-4122 A Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace
-
CL-UUID reference implementation
-
UNICLY reference implementation
-
java.util.UUID JavaDoc
Special Thanks
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License
Copyright © 2015 Dan Lentz
Distributed under the Eclipse Public License version 1.0