zeon256/al-khaser

Public malware techniques used in the wild: Virtual Machine, Emulation, Debuggers, Sandbox detection. (Build Artifacts available in CI)

Al-Khaser v0.81

Content

• Introduction
• Possible uses
• Features
• Anti-debugging attacks
• Anti-Dumping
• Timing Attacks
• Human Interaction
• Anti-VM
• Anti-Disassembly
• Requirements
• License

Introduction

al-khaser is a PoC "malware" application with good intentions that aims to stress your anti-malware system. It performs a bunch of common malware tricks with the goal of seeing if you stay under the radar.

Download

You can download the latest release here: x86 | x64.

Possible uses

• You are making an anti-debug plugin and you want to check its effectiveness.
• You want to ensure that your sandbox solution is hidden enough.
• Or you want to ensure that your malware analysis environment is well hidden.

Please, if you encounter any of the anti-analysis tricks which you have seen in a malware, don't hesitate to contribute.

Features

Anti-debugging attacks

• IsDebuggerPresent
• CheckRemoteDebuggerPresent
• Process Environment Block (BeingDebugged)
• Process Environment Block (NtGlobalFlag)
• ProcessHeap (Flags)
• ProcessHeap (ForceFlags)
• Low Fragmentation Heap (LFH)
• NtQueryInformationProcess (ProcessDebugPort)
• NtQueryInformationProcess (ProcessDebugFlags)
• NtQueryInformationProcess (ProcessDebugObject)
• WudfIsAnyDebuggerPresent
• WudfIsKernelDebuggerPresent
• WudfIsUserDebuggerPresent
• NtSetInformationThread (HideThreadFromDebugger)
• NtQueryObject (ObjectTypeInformation)
• NtQueryObject (ObjectAllTypesInformation)
• CloseHanlde (NtClose) Invalide Handle
• SetHandleInformation (Protected Handle)
• UnhandledExceptionFilter
• OutputDebugString (GetLastError())
• Hardware Breakpoints (SEH / GetThreadContext)
• Software Breakpoints (INT3 / 0xCC)
• Memory Breakpoints (PAGE_GUARD)
• Interrupt 0x2d
• Interrupt 1
• Trap Flag
• Parent Process (Explorer.exe)
• SeDebugPrivilege (Csrss.exe)
• NtYieldExecution / SwitchToThread
• TLS callbacks
• Process jobs
• Memory write watching
• Page exception breakpoint detection
• API hook detection (module bounds based)

Anti-injection

• Enumerate modules with EnumProcessModulesEx (32-bit, 64-bit, and all options)
• Enumerate modules with ToolHelp32
• Enumerate the process LDR structures with LdrEnumerateLoadedModules
• Enumerate the process LDR structures directly
• Walk memory with GetModuleInformation
• Walk memory for hidden modules

Anti-Dumping

• Erase PE header from memory
• SizeOfImage

Timing Attacks [Anti-Sandbox]

• RDTSC (with CPUID to force a VM Exit)
• RDTSC (Locky version with GetProcessHeap & CloseHandle)
• Sleep -> SleepEx -> NtDelayExecution
• Sleep (in a loop a small delay)
• Sleep and check if time was accelerated (GetTickCount)
• SetTimer (Standard Windows Timers)
• timeSetEvent (Multimedia Timers)
• WaitForSingleObject -> WaitForSingleObjectEx -> NtWaitForSingleObject
• WaitForMultipleObjects -> WaitForMultipleObjectsEx -> NtWaitForMultipleObjects (todo)
• IcmpSendEcho (CCleaner Malware)
• CreateWaitableTimer
• CreateTimerQueueTimer
• Big crypto loops (todo)

Human Interaction / Generic [Anti-Sandbox]

• Mouse movement
• File names like sample.exe or sandbox.exe.
• Total Physical memory (GlobalMemoryStatusEx)
• Disk size using DeviceIoControl (IOCTL_DISK_GET_LENGTH_INFO)
• Disk size using GetDiskFreeSpaceEx (TotalNumberOfBytes)
• Mouse (Single click / Double click) (todo)
• DialogBox (todo)
• Scrolling (todo)
• Execution after reboot (todo)
• Count of processors (Win32/Tinba - Win32/Dyre)
• Sandbox known product IDs (todo)
• Color of background pixel (todo)
• Keyboard layout (Win32/Banload) (todo)
• Genuine Windows installation.
• Known Sandbox hostnames and usernames

Anti-Virtualization / Full-System Emulation

• Registry key value artifacts

  • HARDWARE\DEVICEMAP\Scsi\Scsi Port 0\Scsi Bus 0\Target Id 0\Logical Unit Id 0 (Identifier) (VBOX)
  • HARDWARE\DEVICEMAP\Scsi\Scsi Port 0\Scsi Bus 0\Target Id 0\Logical Unit Id 0 (Identifier) (QEMU)
  • HARDWARE\Description\System (SystemBiosVersion) (VBOX)
  • HARDWARE\Description\System (SystemBiosVersion) (QEMU)
  • HARDWARE\Description\System (VideoBiosVersion) (VIRTUALBOX)
  • HARDWARE\Description\System (SystemBiosDate) (06/23/99)
  • HARDWARE\DEVICEMAP\Scsi\Scsi Port 0\Scsi Bus 0\Target Id 0\Logical Unit Id 0 (Identifier) (VMWARE)
  • HARDWARE\DEVICEMAP\Scsi\Scsi Port 1\Scsi Bus 0\Target Id 0\Logical Unit Id 0 (Identifier) (VMWARE)
  • HARDWARE\DEVICEMAP\Scsi\Scsi Port 2\Scsi Bus 0\Target Id 0\Logical Unit Id 0 (Identifier) (VMWARE)
  • SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Control\SystemInformation (SystemManufacturer) (VMWARE)
  • SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Control\SystemInformation (SystemProductName) (VMWARE)

• Registry Keys artifacts

  • HARDWARE\ACPI\DSDT\VBOX__ (VBOX)
  • HARDWARE\ACPI\FADT\VBOX__ (VBOX)
  • HARDWARE\ACPI\RSDT\VBOX__ (VBOX)
  • SOFTWARE\Oracle\VirtualBox Guest Additions (VBOX)
  • SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Services\VBoxGuest (VBOX)
  • SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Services\VBoxMouse (VBOX)
  • SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Services\VBoxService (VBOX)
  • SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Services\VBoxSF (VBOX)
  • SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Services\VBoxVideo (VBOX)
  • SOFTWARE\VMware, Inc.\VMware Tools (VMWARE)
  • SOFTWARE\Wine (WINE)
  • SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Virtual Machine\Guest\Parameters (HYPER-V)
  • SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Disk\Enum
  • SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Enum\IDE
  • SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Enum\SCSI

• File system artifacts

  • "system32\drivers\VBoxMouse.sys"
  • "system32\drivers\VBoxGuest.sys"
  • "system32\drivers\VBoxSF.sys"
  • "system32\drivers\VBoxVideo.sys"
  • "system32\vboxdisp.dll"
  • "system32\vboxhook.dll"
  • "system32\vboxmrxnp.dll"
  • "system32\vboxogl.dll"
  • "system32\vboxoglarrayspu.dll"
  • "system32\vboxoglcrutil.dll"
  • "system32\vboxoglerrorspu.dll"
  • "system32\vboxoglfeedbackspu.dll"
  • "system32\vboxoglpackspu.dll"
  • "system32\vboxoglpassthroughspu.dll"
  • "system32\vboxservice.exe"
  • "system32\vboxtray.exe"
  • "system32\VBoxControl.exe"
  • "system32\drivers\vmmouse.sys"
  • "system32\drivers\vmhgfs.sys"
  • "system32\drivers\vm3dmp.sys"
  • "system32\drivers\vmci.sys"
  • "system32\drivers\vmhgfs.sys"
  • "system32\drivers\vmmemctl.sys"
  • "system32\drivers\vmmouse.sys"
  • "system32\drivers\vmrawdsk.sys"
  • "system32\drivers\vmusbmouse.sys"

• Directories artifacts

  • "%PROGRAMFILES%\oracle\virtualbox guest additions\"
  • "%PROGRAMFILES%\VMWare\"

• Memory artifacts

  • Interupt Descriptor Table (IDT) location
  • Local Descriptor Table (LDT) location
  • Global Descriptor Table (GDT) location
  • Task state segment trick with STR

• MAC Address

  • "\x08\x00\x27" (VBOX)
  • "\x00\x05\x69" (VMWARE)
  • "\x00\x0C\x29" (VMWARE)
  • "\x00\x1C\x14" (VMWARE)
  • "\x00\x50\x56" (VMWARE)
  • "\x00\x1C\x42" (Parallels)
  • "\x00\x16\x3E" (Xen)
  • "\x0A\x00\x27" (Hybrid Analysis)

• Virtual devices

  • "\\.\VBoxMiniRdrDN"
  • "\\.\VBoxGuest"
  • "\\.\pipe\VBoxMiniRdDN"
  • "\\.\VBoxTrayIPC"
  • "\\.\pipe\VBoxTrayIPC")
  • "\\.\HGFS"
  • "\\.\vmci"

• Hardware Device information

  • SetupAPI SetupDiEnumDeviceInfo (GUID_DEVCLASS_DISKDRIVE)
    • QEMU
    • VMWare
    • VBOX
    • VIRTUAL HD
  • Power policies (S1-S4 states, thermal control)

• System Firmware Tables

  • SMBIOS string checks (VirtualBox)
  • SMBIOS string checks (VMWare)
  • SMBIOS string checks (Qemu)
  • ACPI string checks (VirtualBox)
  • ACPI string checks (VMWare)
  • ACPI string checks (Qemu)

• Driver Services

  • VirtualBox
  • VMWare

• Adapter name

  • VMWare

• Windows Class

  • VBoxTrayToolWndClass
  • VBoxTrayToolWnd

• Network shares

  • VirtualBox Shared Folders

• Processes

  • vboxservice.exe (VBOX)
  • vboxtray.exe (VBOX)
  • vmtoolsd.exe(VMWARE)
  • vmwaretray.exe(VMWARE)
  • vmwareuser(VMWARE)
  • VGAuthService.exe (VMWARE)
  • vmacthlp.exe (VMWARE)
  • vmsrvc.exe(VirtualPC)
  • vmusrvc.exe(VirtualPC)
  • prl_cc.exe(Parallels)
  • prl_tools.exe(Parallels)
  • xenservice.exe(Citrix Xen)
  • qemu-ga.exe (QEMU)

• WMI

  • SELECT * FROM Win32_Bios (SerialNumber) (GENERIC)
  • SELECT * FROM Win32_PnPEntity (DeviceId) (VBOX)
  • SELECT * FROM Win32_NetworkAdapterConfiguration (MACAddress) (VBOX)
  • SELECT * FROM Win32_NTEventlogFile (VBOX)
  • SELECT * FROM Win32_Processor (NumberOfCores and ProcessorId) (GENERIC)
  • SELECT * FROM Win32_LogicalDisk (Size) (GENERIC)
  • SELECT * FROM Win32_ComputerSystem (Model and Manufacturer) (GENERIC)
  • SELECT * FROM MSAcpi_ThermalZoneTemperature CurrentTemperature) (GENERIC)
  • SELECT * FROM Win32_Fan (GENERIC)

• DLL Exports and Loaded DLLs

  • avghookx.dll (AVG)
  • avghooka.dll (AVG)
  • snxhk.dll (Avast)
  • kernel32.dll!wine_get_unix_file_nameWine (Wine)
  • sbiedll.dll (Sandboxie)
  • dbghelp.dll (MS debugging support routines)
  • api_log.dll (iDefense Labs)
  • dir_watch.dll (iDefense Labs)
  • pstorec.dll (SunBelt Sandbox)
  • vmcheck.dll (Virtual PC)
  • wpespy.dll (WPE Pro)
  • cmdvrt32.dll (Comodo Container)
  • cmdvrt64.dll (Comodo Container)

• CPU

  • Hypervisor presence using (EAX=0x1)
  • Hypervisor vendor using (EAX=0x40000000)
    • "KVMKVMKVM\0\0\0" (KVM)
      • "Microsoft Hv"(Microsoft Hyper-V or Windows Virtual PC)
      • "VMwareVMware"(VMware)
      • "XenVMMXenVMM"(Xen)
      • "prl hyperv "( Parallels) -"VBoxVBoxVBox"( VirtualBox)

• NtQueryLicenseValue with Kernel-VMDetection-Private as license value.

Anti-Analysis

• Processes
  • OllyDBG / ImmunityDebugger / WinDbg / IDA Pro
  • SysInternals Suite Tools (Process Explorer / Process Monitor / Regmon / Filemon, TCPView, Autoruns)
  • Wireshark / Dumpcap
  • ProcessHacker / SysAnalyzer / HookExplorer / SysInspector
  • ImportREC / PETools / LordPE
  • JoeBox Sandbox

Anti-Disassembly

• Jump with constant condition
• Jump instruction with same target
• Impossible disassembly
• Function Pointers
• Return Pointer Abuse

Macro malware attacks

• Document_Close / Auto_Close.
• Application.RecentFiles.Count

Code/DLL Injections techniques

• CreateRemoteThread
• SetWindowsHooksEx
• NtCreateThreadEx
• RtlCreateUserThread
• APC (QueueUserAPC / NtQueueApcThread)
• RunPE (GetThreadContext / SetThreadContext)

Authors

• mrexodia: Main developer of x64dbg
• Mattiwatti: Matthijs Lavrijsen
• gsuberland: Graham Sutherland
• hFireF0x: hfiref0x

Pull requests welcome. Please read the Developer Guidelines on our wiki if you wish to contribute to the project.

References

• An Anti-Reverse Engineering Guide By Josh Jackson.
• Anti-Unpacker Tricks By Peter Ferrie.
• The Art Of Unpacking By Mark Vincent Yason.
• Walied Assar's blog http://waleedassar.blogspot.de/.
• Pafish tool: https://github.com/a0rtega/pafish.
• PafishMacro by JoeSecurity: https://github.com/joesecurity/pafishmacro