Heming Xia1,
Zhe Yang2,
Qingxiu Dong2,
Peiyi Wang2,
Yongqi Li1,
Tao Ge3,
Tianyu Liu4,
Wenjie Li1,
Zhifang Sui2
1Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
2National Key Laboratory for Multimedia Information Processing, Peking University
3Microsoft Research Asia 4Alibaba Group
This repository contains a regularly updated paper list for Speculative Decoding.
- Unlocking Efficiency in Large Language Model Inference: A Comprehensive Survey of Speculative Decoding
Heming Xia, Zhe Yang, Qingxiu Dong, Peiyi Wang, Yongqi Li, Tao Ge, Tianyu Liu, Wenjie Li, Zhifang Sui. [pdf], [code], 2024.01. - Beyond the Speculative Game: A Survey of Speculative Execution in Large Language Models
Chen Zhang, Zhuorui Liu, Dawei Song. [pdf], 2024.04.
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Blockwise Parallel Decoding for Deep Autoregressive Models
Mitchell Stern, Noam Shazeer, Jakob Uszkoreit. [pdf], 2018.11. -
Speculative Decoding: Exploiting Speculative Execution for Accelerating Seq2seq Generation
Heming Xia, Tao Ge, Peiyi Wang, Si-Qing Chen, Furu Wei, Zhifang Sui. [pdf], [code], 2022.03. -
Speculative Decoding with Big Little Decoder
Sehoon Kim, Karttikeya Mangalam, Suhong Moon, John Canny, Jitendra Malik, Michael W. Mahoney, Amir Gholami, Kurt Keutzer. [pdf], [code], 2023.02. -
Accelerating Transformer Inference for Translation via Parallel Decoding
Andrea Santilli, Silvio Severino, Emilian Postolache, Valentino Maiorca, Michele Mancusi, Riccardo Marin, Emanuele Rodolà. [pdf], 2023.05. -
SPEED: Speculative Pipelined Execution for Efficient Decoding
Coleman Hooper, Sehoon Kim, Hiva Mohammadzadeh, Hasan Genc, Kurt Keutzer, Amir Gholami, Sophia Shao. [pdf], 2023.10. -
Fast and Robust Early-Exiting Framework for Autoregressive Language Models with Synchronized Parallel Decoding
Sangmin Bae, Jongwoo Ko, Hwanjun Song, Se-Young Yun. [pdf], [code], 2023.10.
- Fast Inference from Transformers via Speculative Decoding
Yaniv Leviathan, Matan Kalman, Yossi Matias. [pdf], [code], 2022.11. - Accelerating Large Language Model Decoding with Speculative Sampling
Charlie Chen, Sebastian Borgeaud, Geoffrey Irving, Jean-Baptiste Lespiau, Laurent Sifre, John Jumper. [pdf], [code], 2023.02. - Inference with Reference: Lossless Acceleration of Large Language Models
Nan Yang, Tao Ge, Liang Wang, Binxing Jiao, Daxin Jiang, Linjun Yang, Rangan Majumder, Furu Wei. [pdf], 2023.04. - SpecInfer: Accelerating Generative LLM Serving with Speculative Inference and Token Tree Verification
Xupeng Miao, Gabriele Oliaro, Zhihao Zhang, Xinhao Cheng, Zeyu Wang, Rae Ying Yee Wong, Alan Zhu, Lijie Yang, Xiaoxiang Shi, Chunan Shi, Zhuoming Chen, Daiyaan Arfeen, Reyna Abhyankar, Zhihao Jia. [pdf], [code], 2023.05. - Predictive Pipelined Decoding: A Compute-Latency Trade-off for Exact LLM Decoding
Seongjun Yang, Gibbeum Lee, Jaewoong Cho, Dimitris Papailiopoulos, Kangwook Lee. [pdf], 2023.08. - Accelerating LLM Inference with Staged Speculative Decoding
Benjamin Spector, Chris Re. [pdf], 2023.08. - SpecTr: Fast Speculative Decoding via Optimal Transport
Ziteng Sun, Ananda Theertha Suresh, Jae Hun Ro, Ahmad Beirami, Himanshu Jain, Felix Yu, Michael Riley, Sanjiv Kumar. [pdf], 2023.08. - Draft & Verify: Lossless Large Language Model Acceleration via Self-Speculative Decoding
Jun Zhang, Jue Wang, Huan Li, Lidan Shou, Ke Chen, Gang Chen, Sharad Mehrotra. [pdf], [code], 2023.09. - Online Speculative Decoding
Xiaoxuan Liu, Lanxiang Hu, Peter Bailis, Ion Stoica, Zhijie Deng, Alvin Cheung, Hao Zhang. [pdf], 2023.10. - DistillSpec: Improving Speculative Decoding via Knowledge Distillation
Yongchao Zhou, Kaifeng Lyu, Ankit Singh Rawat, Aditya Krishna Menon, Afshin Rostamizadeh, Sanjiv Kumar, Jean-François Kagy, Rishabh Agarwal. [pdf], 2023.10. - REST: Retrieval-Based Speculative Decoding
Zhenyu He, Zexuan Zhong, Tianle Cai, Jason D Lee, Di He. [pdf], [code], 2023.11. - Speculative Contrastive Decoding
Hongyi Yuan, Keming Lu, Fei Huang, Zheng Yuan, Chang Zhou. [pdf], 2023.11. - PaSS: Parallel Speculative Sampling
Giovanni Monea, Armand Joulin, Edouard Grave. [pdf], 2023.11. - Cascade Speculative Drafting for Even Faster LLM Inference
Ziyi Chen, Xiaocong Yang, Jiacheng Lin, Chenkai Sun, Jie Huang, Kevin Chen-Chuan Chang. [pdf], [code], 2023.12. - SLiM: Speculative Decoding with Hypothesis Reduction
Hongxia Jin, Chi-Heng Lin, Shikhar Tuli, James Seale Smith, Yen-Chang Hsu, Yilin Shen. [pdf], 2023.12. - Graph-Structured Speculative Decoding
Zhuocheng Gong, Jiahao Liu, Ziyue Wang, Pengfei Wu, Jingang Wang, Xunliang Cai, Dongyan Zhao, Rui Yan. [pdf], 2023.12. - Multi-Candidate Speculative Decoding
Sen Yang, Shujian Huang, Xinyu Dai, Jiajun Chen. [pdf], [code], 2024.01. - Medusa: Simple LLM Inference Acceleration Framework with Multiple Decoding Heads
Tianle Cai, Yuhong Li, Zhengyang Geng, Hongwu Peng, Jason D. Lee, Deming Chen, Tri Dao. [pdf], [code], 2024.01. - BiTA: Bi-Directional Tuning for Lossless Acceleration in Large Language Models
Feng Lin, Hanling Yi, Hongbin Li, Yifan Yang, Xiaotian Yu, Guangming Lu, Rong Xiao. [pdf], [code], 2024.01. - EAGLE: Speculative Sampling Requires Rethinking Feature Uncertainty
Yuhui Li, Fangyun Wei, Chao Zhang, Hongyang Zhang. [pdf], [code], 2024.01. - GliDe with a CaPE: A Low-Hassle Method to Accelerate Speculative Decoding
Cunxiao Du, Jing Jiang, Xu Yuanchen, Jiawei Wu, Sicheng Yu, Yongqi Li, Shenggui Li, Kai Xu, Liqiang Nie, Zhaopeng Tu, Yang You. [pdf], [code], 2024.02. - Break the Sequential Dependency of LLM Inference Using Lookahead Decoding
Yichao Fu, Peter Bailis, Ion Stoica, Hao Zhang. [pdf], [code], 2024.02. - Hydra: Sequentially-Dependent Draft Heads for Medusa Decoding
Zachary Ankner, Rishab Parthasarathy, Aniruddha Nrusimha, Christopher Rinard, Jonathan Ragan-Kelley, William Brandon. [pdf], [code], 2024.02. - Speculative Streaming: Fast LLM Inference without Auxiliary Models
Nikhil Bhendawade, Irina Belousova, Qichen Fu, Henry Mason, Mohammad Rastegari, Mahyar Najibi. [pdf], 2024.02. - Generation Meets Verification: Accelerating Large Language Model Inference with Smart Parallel Auto-Correct Decoding
Hanling Yi, Feng Lin, Hongbin Li, Peiyang Ning, Xiaotian Yu, Rong Xiao. [pdf], 2024.02. - Sequoia: Scalable, Robust, and Hardware-aware Speculative Decoding
Zhuoming Chen, Avner May, Ruslan Svirschevski, Yuhsun Huang, Max Ryabinin, Zhihao Jia, Beidi Chen. [pdf], [code], 2024.02. - ProPD: Dynamic Token Tree Pruning and Generation for LLM Parallel Decoding
Shuzhang Zhong, Zebin Yang, Meng Li, Ruihao Gong, Runsheng Wang, Ru Huang. [pdf], 2024.02. - Ouroboros: Speculative Decoding with Large Model Enhanced Drafting
Weilin Zhao, Yuxiang Huang, Xu Han, Chaojun Xiao, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun. [pdf], [code], 2024.02. - Recursive Speculative Decoding: Accelerating LLM Inference via Sampling Without Replacement
Wonseok Jeon, Mukul Gagrani, Raghavv Goel, Junyoung Park, Mingu Lee, Christopher Lott. [pdf], 2024.02. - Chimera: A Lossless Decoding Method for Accelerating Large Language Models Inference by Fusing all Tokens
Ziqian Zeng, Jiahong Yu, Qianshi Pang, Zihao Wang, Huiping Zhuang, Cen Chen. [pdf], 2024.02. - Speculative Decoding via Early-exiting for Faster LLM Inference with Thompson Sampling Control Mechanism
Jiahao Liu, Qifan Wang, Jingang Wang, Xunliang Cai. [pdf], 2024.02. - Specuna: A Speculative Vicuna with Shallow Layer Reuse
Anonymous ACL submission. [pdf], 2024.02. - Minions: Accelerating Large Language Model Inference with Adaptive and Collective Speculative Decoding
Siqi Wang, Hailong Yang, Xuezhu Wang, Tongxuan Liu, Pengbo Wang, Xuning Liang, Kejie Ma, Tianyu Feng, Xin You, Yongjun Bao, Yi Liu, Zhongzhi Luan, Depei Qian. [pdf], 2024.02. - CLLMs: Consistency Large Language Models
Siqi Kou, Lanxiang Hu, Zhezhi He, Zhijie Deng, Hao Zhang. [pdf], [code], [blog], 2024.03. - Recurrent Drafter for Fast Speculative Decoding in Large Language Models
Aonan Zhang, Chong Wang, Yi Wang, Xuanyu Zhang, Yunfei Cheng. [pdf], 2024.03. - Optimal Block-Level Draft Verification for Accelerating Speculative Decoding
Ziteng Sun, Jae Hun Ro, Ahmad Beirami, Ananda Theertha Suresh. [pdf], 2024.03. - SDSAT: Accelerating LLM Inference through Speculative Decoding with Semantic Adaptive Tokens
Chengbo Liu, Yong Zhu. [pdf], 2024.03. - Lossless Acceleration of Large Language Model via Adaptive N-gram Parallel Decoding
Jie Ou, Yueming Chen, Wenhong Tian. [pdf], 2024.04. - Exploring and Improving Drafts in Blockwise Parallel Decoding
Taehyeon Kim, Ananda Theertha Suresh, Kishore Papineni, Michael Riley, Sanjiv Kumar, Adrian Benton. [pdf], 2024.04. - Parallel Decoding via Hidden Transfer for Lossless Large Language Model Acceleration
Pengfei Wu, Jiahao Liu, Zhuocheng Gong, Qifan Wang, Jinpeng Li, Jingang Wang, Xunliang Cai, Dongyan Zhao. [pdf], 2024.04. - BASS: Batched Attention-optimized Speculative Sampling
Haifeng Qian, Sujan Kumar Gonugondla, Sungsoo Ha, Mingyue Shang, Sanjay Krishna Gouda, Ramesh Nallapati, Sudipta Sengupta, Xiaofei Ma, Anoop Deoras. [pdf], 2024.04. - LayerSkip: Enabling Early Exit Inference and Self-Speculative Decoding
Mostafa Elhoushi, Akshat Shrivastava, Diana Liskovich, Basil Hosmer, Bram Wasti, Liangzhen Lai, Anas Mahmoud, Bilge Acun, Saurabh Agarwal, Ahmed Roman, Ahmed A Aly, Beidi Chen, Carole-Jean Wu. [pdf], 2024.04. - Kangaroo: Lossless Self-Speculative Decoding via Double Early Exiting
Fangcheng Liu, Yehui Tang, Zhenhua Liu, Yunsheng Ni, Kai Han, Yunhe Wang. [pdf], [code], 2024.04. - Accelerating Production LLMs with Combined Token/Embedding Speculators
Davis Wertheimer, Joshua Rosenkranz, Thomas Parnell, Sahil Suneja, Pavithra Ranganathan, Raghu Ganti, Mudhakar Srivatsa. [pdf], 2024.04. - Better & Faster Large Language Models via Multi-token Prediction
Fabian Gloeckle, Badr Youbi Idrissi, Baptiste Rozière, David Lopez-Paz, Gabriel Synnaeve. [pdf], 2024.04. - Clover: Regressive Lightweight Speculative Decoding with Sequential Knowledge
Bin Xiao, Chunan Shi, Xiaonan Nie, Fan Yang, Xiangwei Deng, Lei Su, Weipeng Chen, Bin Cui. [pdf], 2024.05. - Accelerating Speculative Decoding using Dynamic Speculation Length
Jonathan Mamou, Oren Pereg, Daniel Korat, Moshe Berchansky, Nadav Timor, Moshe Wasserblat, Roy Schwartz. [pdf], 2024.05. - EMS-SD: Efficient Multi-sample Speculative Decoding for Accelerating Large Language Models
Yunsheng Ni, Chuanjian Liu, Yehui Tang, Kai Han, Yunhe Wang. [pdf], [code], 2024.05. - Nearest Neighbor Speculative Decoding for LLM Generation and Attribution
Minghan Li, Xilun Chen, Ari Holtzman, Beidi Chen, Jimmy Lin, Wen-tau Yih, Xi Victoria Lin. [pdf], 2024.05. - Hardware-Aware Parallel Prompt Decoding for Memory-Efficient Acceleration of LLM Inference
Hao (Mark)Chen, Wayne Luk, Ka Fai Cedric Yiu, Rui Li, Konstantin Mishchenko, Stylianos I. Venieris, Hongxiang Fan. [pdf], [code], 2024.05. - Faster Cascades via Speculative Decoding
Harikrishna Narasimhan, Wittawat Jitkrittum, Ankit Singh Rawat, Seungyeon Kim, Neha Gupta, Aditya Krishna Menon, Sanjiv Kumar. [pdf], 2024.05. - S3D: A Simple and Cost-Effective Self-Speculative Decoding Scheme for Low-Memory GPUs
Wei Zhong, Manasa Bharadwaj. [pdf], 2024.05. - SpecDec++: Boosting Speculative Decoding via Adaptive Candidate Lengths
Kaixuan Huang, Xudong Guo, Mengdi Wang. [pdf], 2024.05. - Accelerated Speculative Sampling Based on Tree Monte Carlo
Zhengmian Hu, Heng Huang. [pdf], 2024.05. - SpecExec: Massively Parallel Speculative Decoding for Interactive LLM Inference on Consumer Devices
Ruslan Svirschevski, Avner May, Zhuoming Chen, Beidi Chen, Zhihao Jia, Max Ryabinin. [pdf], 2024.06. - Amphista: Accelerate LLM Inference with Bi-directional Multiple Drafting Heads in a Non-autoregressive Style
Zeping Li, Xinlong Yang, Ziheng Gao, Ji Liu, Zhuang Liu, Dong Li, Jinzhang Peng, Lu Tian, Emad Barsoum. [pdf], 2024.06. - Optimizing Speculative Decoding for Serving Large Language Models Using Goodput
Xiaoxuan Liu, Cade Daniel, Langxiang Hu, Woosuk Kwon, Zhuohan Li, Xiangxi Mo, Alvin Cheung, Zhijie Deng, Ion Stoica, Hao Zhang. [pdf], 2024.06. - EAGLE-2: Faster Inference of Language Models with Dynamic Draft Trees
Yuhui Li, Fangyun Wei, Chao Zhang, Hongyang Zhang. [pdf], 2024.06. - Make Some Noise: Unlocking Language Model Parallel Inference Capability through Noisy Training
Yixuan Wang, Xianzhen Luo, Fuxuan Wei, Yijun Liu, Qingfu Zhu, Xuanyu Zhang, Qing Yang, Dongliang Xu, Wanxiang Che. [pdf], 2024.06. - OPT-Tree: Speculative Decoding with Adaptive Draft Tree Structure
Jikai Wang, Yi Su, Juntao Li, Qinrong Xia, Zi Ye, Xinyu Duan, Zhefeng Wang, Min Zhang. [pdf], 2024.06. - Cerberus: Efficient Inference with Adaptive Parallel Decoding and Sequential Knowledge Enhancement
Anonymous EMNLP submission. [pdf], 2024.06. - SpecHub: Provable Acceleration to Multi-Draft Speculative Decoding
Anonymous EMNLP submission. [pdf], 2024.06. - S2D: Sorted Speculative Decoding For More Efficient Deployment of Nested Large Language Models
Parsa Kavehzadeh, Mohammadreza Pourreza, Mojtaba Valipour, Tinashu Zhu, Haoli Bai, Ali Ghodsi, Boxing Chen, Mehdi Rezagholizadeh. [pdf], 2024.07. - Multi-Token Joint Speculative Decoding for Accelerating Large Language Model Inference
Zongyue Qin, Ziniu Hu, Zifan He, Neha Prakriya, Jason Cong, Yizhou Sun. [pdf], 2024.07. - PipeInfer: Accelerating LLM Inference using Asynchronous Pipelined Speculation
Branden Butler, Sixing Yu, Arya Mazaheri, Ali Jannesari. [pdf], 2024.07. - Adaptive Draft-Verification for Efficient Large Language Model Decoding
Xukun Liu, Bowen Lei, Ruqi Zhang, Dongkuan Xu. [pdf], 2024.07. - Graph-Structured Speculative Decoding
Zhuocheng Gong, Jiahao Liu, Ziyue Wang, Pengfei Wu, Jingang Wang, Xunliang Cai, Dongyan Zhao, Rui Yan. [pdf], 2024.07.
- On Speculative Decoding for Multimodal Large Language Models
Mukul Gagrani, Raghavv Goel, Wonseok Jeon, Junyoung Park, Mingu Lee, Christopher Lott. [pdf], 2024.04.
- TriForce: Lossless Acceleration of Long Sequence Generation with Hierarchical Speculative Decoding
Hanshi Sun, Zhuoming Chen, Xinyu Yang, Yuandong Tian, Beidi Chen. [pdf], [code],2024.04.
- Direct Alignment of Draft Model for Speculative Decoding with Chat-Fine-Tuned LLMs
Raghavv Goel, Mukul Gagrani, Wonseok Jeon, Junyoung Park, Mingu Lee, Christopher Lott. [pdf], 2024.02.
- Spec-Bench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Speculative Decoding
Heming Xia, Zhe Yang, Qingxiu Dong, Peiyi Wang, Yongqi Li, Tao Ge, Tianyu Liu, Wenjie Li, Zhifang Sui. [pdf], [code], [blog], 2024.02.
- Instantaneous Grammatical Error Correction with Shallow Aggressive Decoding
Xin Sun, Tao Ge, Furu Wei, Houfeng Wang. [pdf], [code], 2021.07. - LLMCad: Fast and Scalable On-device Large Language Model Inference
Daliang Xu, Wangsong Yin, Xin Jin, Ying Zhang, Shiyun Wei, Mengwei Xu, Xuanzhe Liu. [pdf], 2023.09. - Accelerating Retrieval-Augmented Language Model Serving with Speculation
Zhihao Zhang, Alan Zhu, Lijie Yang, Yihua Xu, Lanting Li, Phitchaya Mangpo Phothilimthana, Zhihao Jia. [pdf], 2023.10. - Lookahead: An Inference Acceleration Framework for Large Language Model with Lossless Generation Accuracy
Yao Zhao, Zhitian Xie, Chenyi Zhuang, Jinjie Gu. [pdf], [code], 2023.12. - A Simple Framework to Accelerate Multilingual Language Model for Monolingual Text Generation
Jimin Hong, Gibbeum Lee, Jaewoong Cho. [pdf], 2024.01. - Accelerating Greedy Coordinate Gradient via Probe Sampling
Yiran Zhao, Wenyue Zheng, Tianle Cai, Xuan Long Do, Kenji Kawaguchi, Anirudh Goyal, Michael Shieh. [pdf], 2024.03. - Optimized Speculative Sampling for GPU Hardware Accelerators
Dominik Wagner, Seanie Lee, Ilja Baumann, Philipp Seeberger, Korbinian Riedhammer, Tobias Bocklet. [pdf], 2024.06. - Towards Fast Multilingual LLM Inference: Speculative Decoding and Specialized Drafters
Euiin Yi, Taehyeon Kim, Hongseok Jeung, Du-Seong Chang, Se-Young Yun. [pdf], 2024.06. - SEED: Accelerating Reasoning Tree Construction via Scheduled Speculative Decoding
Zhenglin Wang, Jialong Wu, Yilong Lai, Congzhi Zhang, Deyu Zhou. [pdf], 2024.06. - Speculative RAG: Enhancing Retrieval Augmented Generation through Drafting
Zilong Wang, Zifeng Wang, Long Le, Huaixiu Steven Zheng, Swaroop Mishra, Vincent Perot, Yuwei Zhang, Anush Mattapalli, Ankur Taly, Jingbo Shang, Chen-Yu Lee, Tomas Pfister. [pdf], 2024.07.
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The Synergy of Speculative Decoding and Batching in Serving Large Language Models
Qidong Su, Christina Giannoula, Gennady Pekhimenko. [pdf], 2023.10. -
Decoding Speculative Decoding
Minghao Yan, Saurabh Agarwal, Shivaram Venkataraman. [pdf], [code], 2024.02. -
How Speculative Can Speculative Decoding Be?
Zhuorui Liu, Chen Zhang, Dawei Song. [pdf], [code], 2024.05. -
Fast and Slow Generating: An Empirical Study on Large and Small Language Models Collaborative Decoding
Kaiyan Zhang, Jianyu Wang, Ning Ding, Biqing Qi, Ermo Hua, Xingtai Lv, Bowen Zhou. [pdf], [code], 2024.06.
Assisted Generation: a new direction toward low-latency text generation. Huggingface. 2023.05. [Blog] [Code]
Medusa: Simple Framework for Accelerating LLM Generation with Multiple Decoding Heads. Princeton, UIUC. 2023.09. [Blog] [Code]
An Optimal Lossy Variant of Speculative Decoding. Unsupervised Thoughts (blog). 2023.09. [Blog] [Code]
Break the Sequential Dependency of LLM Inference Using Lookahead Decoding. LMSys. 2023.11. [Blog] [Code]
Accelerating Generative AI with PyTorch II: GPT, Fast. Pytorch. 2023.11. [Blog] [Code]
Prompt Lookup Decoding. Apoorv Saxena. 2023.11. [Code] [Colab]
REST: Retrieval-Based Speculative Decoding. Peking University, Princeton University. 2023.11. [Blog] [Code]
EAGLE: Lossless Acceleration of LLM Decoding by Feature Extrapolation. Vector Institute, University of Waterloo, Peking University. 2023.12. [Blog] [Code]
SEQUOIA: Serving exact Llama2-70B on an RTX4090 with half-second per token latency. Carnegie Mellon University, Together AI, Yandex, Meta AI. 2024.02. [Blog] [Code]
- There are cases where we miss important works in this field, please feel free to contribute and promote your awesome work or other related works here! Thanks for the efforts in advance.
If you find the resources in this repository useful, please cite our paper:
@misc{xia2024unlocking,
title={Unlocking Efficiency in Large Language Model Inference: A Comprehensive Survey of Speculative Decoding},
author={Heming Xia and Zhe Yang and Qingxiu Dong and Peiyi Wang and Yongqi Li and Tao Ge and Tianyu Liu and Wenjie Li and Zhifang Sui},
year={2024},
eprint={2401.07851},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
}