Most modern sequencing technologies produce reads that have deteriorating quality towards the 3'-end and some towards the 5'-end as well. Incorrectly called bases in both regions negatively impact assembles, mapping, and downstream bioinformatics analyses.
Sickle is a tool that uses sliding windows along with quality and length thresholds to determine when quality is sufficiently low to trim the 3'-end of reads and also determines when the quality is sufficiently high enough to trim the 5'-end of reads. It will also discard reads based upon the length threshold. It takes the quality values and slides a window across them whose length is 0.1 times the length of the read. If this length is less than 1, then the window is set to be equal to the length of the read. Otherwise, the window slides along the quality values until the average quality in the window rises above the threshold, at which point the algorithm determines where within the window the rise occurs and cuts the read and quality there for the 5'-end cut. Then when the average quality in the window drops below the threshold, the algorithm determines where in the window the drop occurs and cuts both the read and quality strings there for the 3'-end cut. However, if the length of the remaining sequence is less than the minimum length threshold, then the read is discarded entirely (or replaced with an "N" record). 5'-end trimming can be disabled.
Sickle supports three types of quality values: Illumina, Solexa, and Sanger. Note that the Solexa quality setting is an approximation (the actual conversion is a non-linear transformation). The end approximation is close. Illumina quality refers to qualities encoded with the CASAVA pipeline between versions 1.3 and 1.7. Illumina quality using CASAVA >= 1.8 is Sanger encoded.
Note that Sickle will remove the 2nd fastq record header (on the "+" line) and replace it with simply a "+". This is the default format for CASAVA >= 1.8.
Sickle also supports gzipped file inputs and optional gzipped outputs. By default, Sickle will produce regular (i.e. not gzipped) output, regardless of the input. Sickle also has an option to truncate reads with Ns at the first N position.
There is also a sickle.xml file included in the package that can be used to add sickle to your local Galaxy server.
Sickle doesn't have a paper, but you can cite it like this:
Joshi NA, Fass JN. (2011). Sickle: A sliding-window, adaptive, quality-based trimming tool for FastQ files
(Version 1.33) [Software]. Available at https://github.com/najoshi/sickle.
Sickle requires a C compiler; GCC or clang are recommended. Sickle relies on Heng Li's kseq.h, which is bundled with the source.
Sickle also requires Zlib, which can be obtained at http://www.zlib.net/.
To build Sickle, enter:
make
Then, copy or move "sickle" to a directory in your $PATH.
Sickle has two modes to work with both paired-end and single-end
reads: sickle se and sickle pe.
Running sickle by itself will print the help:
sickle
Running sickle with either the "se" or "pe" commands will give help specific to those commands:
sickle se
sickle pe
sickle se takes an input fastq file and outputs a trimmed version of
that file. It also has options to change the length and quality
thresholds for trimming, as well as disabling 5'-trimming and enabling
truncation of sequences with Ns.
sickle se -f input_file.fastq -t illumina -o trimmed_output_file.fastq
sickle se -f input_file.fastq -t illumina -o trimmed_output_file.fastq -q 33 -l 40
sickle se -f input_file.fastq -t illumina -o trimmed_output_file.fastq -x -n
sickle se -t sanger -g -f input_file.fastq -o trimmed_output_file.fastq.gz
sickle se --fastq-file input_file.fastq --qual-type sanger --output-file trimmed_output_file.fastq
sickle pe can operate with two types of input. First, it can take
two paired-end files as input and outputs two trimmed paired-end files
as well as a "singles" file. The second form starts with a single
combined input file of reads where you have already interleaved the
reads from the sequencer. In this form, you also supply a single
output file name as well as a "singles" file. The "singles" file
contains reads that passed filter in either the forward or reverse
direction, but not the other. Finally, there is an option (-M) to only
produce one interleaved output file where any reads that did not pass
filter will be output as a FastQ record with a single "N" (whose quality
value is the lowest possible based upon the quality type), thus
preserving the paired nature of the data. You can also change the length
and quality thresholds for trimming, as well as disable 5'-trimming and
enable truncation of sequences with Ns.
sickle pe -f input_file1.fastq -r input_file2.fastq -t sanger \
-o trimmed_output_file1.fastq -p trimmed_output_file2.fastq \
-s trimmed_singles_file.fastq
sickle pe -f input_file1.fastq -r input_file2.fastq -t sanger \
-o trimmed_output_file1.fastq -p trimmed_output_file2.fastq \
-s trimmed_singles_file.fastq -q 12 -l 15
sickle pe -f input_file1.fastq -r input_file2.fastq -t sanger \
-o trimmed_output_file1.fastq -p trimmed_output_file2.fastq \
-s trimmed_singles_file.fastq -n
sickle pe -c combo.fastq -t sanger -m combo_trimmed.fastq \
-s trimmed_singles_file.fastq -n
sickle pe -t sanger -g -f input_file1.fastq -r input_file2.fastq \
-o trimmed_output_file1.fastq.gz -p trimmed_output_file2.fastq.gz \
-s trimmed_singles_file.fastq.gz
sickle pe -c combo.fastq -t sanger -M combo_trimmed_all.fastq
sickle pe --pe-file1 input_file1.fastq --pe-file2 input_file2.fastq --qual-type sanger \
--output-pe1 trimmed_output_file1.fastq --output-pe2 trimmed_output_file2.fastq \
--output-single trimmed_singles_file.fastq